A COMPARITIVE REVIEW OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS METHODS FOR REINFORCED STRUCTURES

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative review of three major seismic analysis methods used for reinforced concrete (RC) structures: linear static analysis, nonlinear static (pushover) analysis, and nonlinear time-history analysis. The study evaluates their underlying theory, modelling requirements, assumptions, accuracy, and level of computational effort. Published global and regional research was reviewed to assess when each method is appropriate for performance evaluation and design. The findings show that linear static analysis is simple and code-friendly but often unreliable for irregular, taller, or higher–mode-sensitive buildings. Nonlinear static analysis better represents inelastic behaviour, stiffness degradation, and hinge formation but may overlook torsional and higher-mode effects. Nonlinear time-history analysis offers the most realistic predictions of seismic response; however, it requires significant modelling detail, computational resources, and careful selection of earthquake records. This review highlights conditions where simplified methods are acceptable and where nonlinear approaches are necessary for accurate and safe seismic assessment and retrofit decisions.